A Review of Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting Circuits and Methods for Self-Powered Wireless Sensor Nodes and the Internet of Things

Arash Azizpor¹ Negin Rezaei² ShinaKoosheshi³ Pourya Ahmadi Amirabadi⁴

Abstract :
Ambient thermal gradients represent an abundant and largely untapped energy source for powering the growing number of autonomous wireless sensor nodes that constitute the Internet of Things (IoT). Thermoelectric generators TEGs convert small temperature differences directly into electrical energy via the Seebeck effect, offering a solid-state, maintenance-free alternative or complement to batteries in industrial, environmental, wearable, and structural monitoring applications. However, TEGs typically deliver very low open-circuit voltages (ranging from tens to hundreds of millivolts) and highly variable source impedances, making efficient power extraction and regulation a non-trivial circuit design challenge. This review article examines the state-of-the-art technologies for TEG-based energy harvesting circuits in Internet of Things (IoT) applications, covering topics such as TEG electrical modeling and impedance matching, Maximum Power Point Tracking MPPT techniques, DC-DC converter architectures capable of cold-start operation at ultra-low voltages, and commercially available Power Management Integrated Circuits PMICs. This article presents a comparative analysis of prominent MPPT methods and commercial ICs, alongside representative performance trends reported in the literature. Persistent challenges—such as cold-start voltage limitations, converter efficiency at inputs below 100 mV, reliability under thermal cycling, and system-level energy budgeting—are discussed, and future research directions, including hybrid energy harvesting from multiple sources and machine learning-assisted energy management, are outlined.

Keywords : thermoelectric generator (teg) energy harvesting internet of things (iot) maximum power point tracking (mppt) dc dc converter cold start circuit wireless sensor networks self powered electronic devices

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زبان مقاله : انگلیسی
محور مقاله : مهندسی برق
محل انتشار : چهارمین کنگره بین المللی علوم، مهندسی و فن آوری های نو
آدرس وب سایت کنفرانس : secongress.com
کد IOI مقاله : ACCA-ACZDBE
لینک مستقیم مقاله : https://isnac.ir/ACCA-ACZDBE
نمایش چکیده فارسی : https://isnac.ir/SA/ACCA-ACZDBE

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